Exploration of antifilarial activity of gold nanoparticle against human and bovine filarial parasites: A nanomedicinal mechanistic approach.

The present work seeks to explore the antifilarial activity of biopolymer functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) against human filarial parasite (Wuchereria bancrofti) through Nrf2 signaling for the first time. A natural polymer, chitosan is used along with Terminalia chebula extract to synthesize AuNPs following the principles of green chemistry. The probable mode of action of AuNPs as filaricidal agent has been investigated in detail using model filarial parasite, Setaria cervi (bovine parasite). Biopolymers inspired AuNPs exhibit superior antifilarial activity against both human and bovine filarial parasites, and are able to induce oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death in filarial parasites mediated through mitochondria. AuNPs also alter the Nrf2 signaling. In addition, the synthesized nanomaterials appear to be nontoxic to mammalian system. Thus the present mechanistic study, targeting human filarial parasites, has the potential to increase the therapeutic prospects of AuNPs to control lymphatic filariasis in the upcoming days.

Design and synthesis of reduced graphene oxide based supramolecular scaffold: A benign microbial resistant network for enzyme immobilization and cell growth.

The present study describes the synthesis, characterization and biological application of reduced graphene oxide - chitosan (GC) based benign supramolecular scaffold (SMS). Various spectroscopic and microscopic analyses established the supramolecular interaction in between rGO and chitosan. The active performance of the developed material towards microbial resistivity, in vitro cell growth and as a scaffold for enzyme immobilizing matrix illustrates its unique implementation. Immobilization of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) onto GC lowers the Michaelis- Menten constant (Km) value and facilitates to achieve maximum velocity at low substrate concentration. Importantly GC shows no noteworthy cytotoxicity towards Wistar rat macrophage cells. Moreover, incorporation of gold nanoparticle further strengthens the microbial resistance properties of GC as well as improves its biocompatibility by reducing cytotoxicity. Therefore these unique features may inspire it to appear in large scale for industrial utilization.

Development of chitosan based gold nanomaterial as an efficient antifilarial agent: A mechanistic approach.

The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been synthesized biogenically by using black pepper (Piper nigrum) extract according to the principles of green chemistry in presence and absence of a biopolymer, chitosan. A comprehensive study (up to cellular level) on the antifilarial (against Setaria cervi) activity of AuNPs has been made for the first time with a view to use it clinically. The bioactivity of biopolymer capped biogenic AuNP increases significantly compared to simple biogenic AuNP. The biopolymer plays an important role in inspiring AuNP through its inherent positive charges and hydrophobicity. The developed nanomaterial boosts the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and misbalances the antioxidant parameters of parasites such as GSH, GST, GPx, SOD and catalase. The produced ROS ultimately induces oxidative stress, which leads to apoptotic cell death in filarial worms. The synthesized nanomaterials exhibit negligible toxicity towards human PBMCs. The present study may serve as a fruitful platform to explore biopolymer capped gold nanoparticles as efficient antifilarial therapeutics.

Carbohydrate polymer inspired silver nanoparticles for filaricidal and mosquitocidal activities: A comprehensive view.

The carbohydrate polymer inspired silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are designed and synthesized through ultrasound assisted green process using unique combination of a biomolecule (tyrosine) and a natural polymer (starch). A comprehensive mechanistic study on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated filaricidal (against Setaria cervi) and mosquitocidal (against second and fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus) activities of AgNPs has been made for the first time for controlling filariasis by taking care of both filariid and its vector. The mechanism may help in formulating antifilarial drug based on carbohydrate polymer inspired AgNPs. The role of carbohydrate polymer in inspiring bioactivity of AgNPs has been looked into and its activities have been compared with the commercially available AgNPs. Cytotoxicity of AgNPs on macrophages of Wistar rat has been evaluated to ensure its selectivity towards filariid and larvae.